GRCP 시험 - OCEG실제시험문제와 답 - 100문항

Question No : 1

How can an organization evaluate the adequacy of current levels of residual risk/reward and compliance?

A.The organization can evaluate adequacy by looking at the number of lawsuits and enforcement actions.
B.The organization can use analysis criteria to evaluate the adequacy of current levels and determine if additional analysis is required.
C.The organization can evaluate adequacy by removing controls and seeing if the levels change.
D.The organization can evaluate adequacy by hiring an outside auditor to make an assessment.

정답:
Explanation:
Organizations evaluate the adequacy of residual risk/reward and compliance by applying structured analysis criteria to determine whether current levels align with their objectives and risk appetite.
Analysis Criteria:
Specific benchmarks or standards are used to measure whether residual risks and compliance efforts meet organizational expectations.
Criteria are based on factors like likelihood, impact, regulatory requirements, and strategic goals.
Process:
Evaluate current levels using established criteria.
Identify gaps and determine if further analysis or additional controls are required.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Lawsuits and enforcement actions are outcomes, not methods of evaluating adequacy.
C: Removing controls introduces risks and is not a recommended evaluation method.
D: While external auditors provide insights, adequacy evaluation starts internally with analysis criteria.
Reference: COSO ERM Framework: Provides guidance on evaluating residual risk and compliance adequacy.
ISO 31000 (Risk Management): Recommends using criteria to assess and refine risk management practices.

Question No : 2

In the context of uncertainty, what is the difference between likelihood and impact?

A.Likelihood is a measure of the chance of an event occurring, while impact is the location of the event within the organization.
B.Likelihood is a measure of the chance of an event occurring, while impact is the category or type of risk or reward from the event.
C.Likelihood is a measure of the chance of an event occurring, while impact measures the economic and non-economic consequences of the event.
D.Likelihood is the chance of an event occurring after controls are put in place, while impact measures the economic and non-economic consequences of the event.

정답:
Explanation:
Likelihood and impact are key factors in evaluating uncertainty, especially in the context of risk and reward.
Likelihood:
Measures the probability or chance of an event occurring. Example: The likelihood of a data breach based on historical trends. Impact:
Measures the economic and non-economic consequences of the event. Examples: Financial losses, reputational damage, or operational disruptions.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Impact refers to consequences, not the location of the event.
B: Impact is not limited to categories; it involves actual consequences.
D: Likelihood considers controls but is not exclusively post-control.
Reference: ISO 31000 (Risk Management): Defines likelihood and impact as fundamental components of risk assessment.
COSO ERM Framework: Emphasizes assessing both likelihood and impact in risk evaluation.

Question No : 3

What is a potential limitation of using qualitative analysis techniques in the context of risk, reward, and compliance?

A.Qualitative analysis techniques always lead to incorrect conclusions about risk, reward, and compliance.
B.Qualitative analysis techniques are not applicable to the analysis of risk and reward.
C.Qualitative analysis techniques rely on descriptive data and subjective judgments, which may result in less precise estimations compared to quantitative analysis.
D.Qualitative analysis techniques are only useful for analyzing compliance-related risks.

정답:
Explanation:
Qualitative analysis techniques rely on descriptive data, expert judgment, and subjective assessments, making them useful for certain contexts but potentially limited in precision.
Limitations of Qualitative Analysis:
Subjectivity: Results may vary depending on the perspective and experience of the individuals conducting the analysis.
Precision: Lack of numeric data may result in less accurate estimations compared to quantitative methods.
Strengths of Qualitative Analysis:
Useful in scenarios where data is unavailable or events are too complex for numerical evaluation. Provides insights into risks, rewards, and compliance in terms of likelihood and severity.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Qualitative analysis does not inherently lead to incorrect conclusions; its accuracy depends on its application.
B: Qualitative methods are widely applicable in risk and reward analysis.
D: It is not limited to compliance-related risks.
Reference: ISO 31000 (Risk Management): Explains the role of qualitative methods in risk assessments.
COSO ERM Framework: Discusses qualitative and quantitative analysis in decision-making.

Question No : 4

What is the term used to describe a cause that has the potential to eventually result in benefit?

A.Venture
B.Objective
C.Prospect
D.Target outcome

정답:
Explanation:
A prospect refers to a cause or opportunity that has the potential to result in benefit or positive outcomes for the organization.
Definition of Prospect:
Represents a potential opportunity or favorable situation that may align with organizational objectives.
Example: A new market trend offering growth opportunities.
Relation to Objectives:
Prospects are considered during strategic planning and risk assessments to capitalize on opportunities.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Venture refers to initiatives or projects, not causes.
B: Objective is a goal, not a potential cause.
D: Target outcome is the result of achieving a goal, not a cause.
Reference: OCEG GRC Capability Model: Discusses prospects as potential sources of benefit.
ISO 31000 (Risk Management): Highlights opportunities as sources of benefit.

Question No : 5

What is the difference between a hazard and an obstacle in the context of uncertainty?

A.A hazard is a measure of the negative impact on the organization, while an obstacle is a state of conditions that create a hazard.
B.A hazard affects the likelihood of an event, while an obstacle is a hazard with significant impact on objectives.
C.A hazard is a cause that has the potential to eventually result in harm, while an obstacle is an event that may have a negative effect on objectives.
D.A hazard is a type of obstacle, while an obstacle is an overarching category of threat.

정답:
Explanation:
In the context of uncertainty, hazards and obstacles describe different concepts:
Hazard:
A cause or source of potential harm or adverse impact.
Example: A poorly maintained system poses a hazard for downtime.
Obstacle:
An event or condition that negatively affects the achievement of objectives. Example: System downtime becomes an obstacle to completing a project on time. Key Difference:
Hazards are potential causes, while obstacles are actual events or conditions that create challenges.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Obstacles are events, not conditions that create hazards.
B: Hazards relate to causes, not likelihood.
D: Hazards and obstacles are distinct concepts, not types of each other.
Reference: ISO 31000 (Risk Management): Differentiates hazards as sources of harm and obstacles as barriers to objectives.
COSO ERM Framework: Explains the role of events (obstacles) in risk management.

Question No : 6

What is the role of identification criteria?

A.Identification criteria are used to determine the order in which units undertake identification activities.
B.Identification criteria are used to calculate the total budget for the organization based on priority objectives and the number of related obstacles and obligations.
C.Identification criteria are used to focus on priority objectives and results.
D.Identification criteria are used to establish the communication channels within the organization regarding opportunities, obstacles, and obligations.

정답:
Explanation:
Identification criteria are tools used to guide the identification of elements critical to achieving objectives, such as opportunities, obstacles, and obligations.
Purpose of Identification Criteria:
Focus efforts on priority objectives and results that align with organizational goals.
Streamline the identification process to ensure efficiency and relevance.
Examples:
Criteria may include relevance to strategic objectives, potential impact, and urgency.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Criteria are not about sequencing identification activities.
B: They do not directly calculate budgets but may inform resource allocation.
D: Establishing communication channels is a separate organizational function.
Reference: OCEG GRC Capability Model: Highlights criteria to prioritize objectives and results in identification processes.
ISO 31000 (Risk Management): Discusses criteria for identifying risks and opportunities.

Question No : 7

What is the purpose of using the SMART model for results and indicators?

A.To define results and indicators that are Stacked, Monitored, Achievable, Right, and Timely, especially for results and indicators that "run the organization."
B.To assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the organization.
C.To create a detailed budget and financial forecast for the organization.
D.To define results and indicators that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-Bound, especially for results and indicators that "run the organization."

정답:
Explanation:
The SMART model is a widely used framework for setting goals and defining results and indicators to ensure clarity and effectiveness in performance tracking.
SMART Criteria:
Specific: Clear and precise objectives or outcomes.
Measurable: Quantifiable or assessable metrics.
Achievable: Realistic and attainable goals.
Relevant: Aligned with organizational priorities and objectives.
Time-Bound: Defined timelines for achieving results.
Purpose:
Ensures that results and indicators are actionable, trackable, and aligned with organizational objectives.
Helps streamline efforts and resources toward meaningful outcomes.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Incorrect interpretation of SMART criteria.
B: SWOT analysis is unrelated to defining results and indicators.
C: Financial forecasting is separate from the SMART model’s purpose.
Reference: SMART Goal-Setting Framework: Provides detailed guidance on using SMART criteria.
Performance Management Best Practices: Emphasize SMART goals in organizational planning.

Question No : 8

What is the role of indicators in measuring progress toward objectives?

A.Indicators are used to determine if the objectives must be changed in response to changes in the external or internal context.
B.Indicators measure quantitative or qualitative progress toward an objective.
C.Indicators are used to evaluate the appropriateness of the organization’s selection of objectives.
D.Indicators are used to calculate the return on investment for various projects and initiatives.

정답:
Explanation:
Indicators are critical tools for measuring progress toward achieving objectives by tracking quantitative or qualitative metrics.
Role of Indicators:
Provide insights into whether the organization is on track to meet its goals.
Help identify gaps, strengths, and opportunities for improvement.
Examples: Productivity metrics, compliance rates, or customer retention rates.
Types of Indicators:
Quantitative: Numeric measures like revenue growth or employee turnover rates.
Qualitative: Observations or evaluations, such as stakeholder satisfaction.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Indicators measure progress, not the appropriateness of objectives.
C: Objective selection evaluation occurs during the planning phase, not progress measurement.
D: ROI calculations are a subset of financial analysis, not the overall role of indicators.
Reference: OCEG GRC Capability Model: Emphasizes indicators in monitoring objectives.
Balanced Scorecard Framework: Uses indicators to measure organizational performance.

Question No : 9

What are leading indicators and lagging indicators?

A.Leading indicators are types of input from leaders in each unit of the organization, while lagging indicators are views provided by departing employees during exit interviews.
B.Leading indicators are financial metrics, while lagging indicators are non-financial metrics.
C.Leading indicators are qualitative measures, while lagging indicators are quantitative measures.
D.Leading indicators provide information about future events or conditions, while lagging indicators provide information about past events or conditions.

정답:
Explanation:
Leading indicators and lagging indicators are performance measurement tools used to assess organizational progress and outcomes.
Leading Indicators:
Provide information about future events or conditions.
Help predict trends and allow proactive adjustments.
Example: Employee training completion rates predicting future performance improvements.
Lagging Indicators:
Reflect past events or conditions.
Measure results and outcomes after processes are completed. Example: Customer satisfaction scores based on previous interactions.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Not related to leadership input or exit interviews.
B: Leading and lagging indicators can encompass both financial and non-financial metrics.
C: Both types of indicators may include quantitative and qualitative measures.
Reference: Balanced Scorecard Framework: Highlights the use of leading and lagging indicators in performance measurement.
OCEG GRC Capability Model: Discusses indicators for tracking progress.

Question No : 10

Why is it essential to make the mission, vision, and values explicit within an organization?

A.It is important for gaining and maintaining buy-in from all stakeholders.
B.It is necessary to comply with industry regulations and standards.
C.It is crucial for developing the organization’s training and development programs aligned with the mission, vision, and values.
D.It helps the workforce understand and make decisions at all levels, preventing the organization from operating on ad hoc beliefs and interests.

정답:
Explanation:
Making the mission, vision, and values explicit ensures clarity and consistency across the organization, guiding decision-making and avoiding ad hoc or misaligned behaviors.
Why Explicit Statements are Essential:
Clarity for Decision-Making: Provides a consistent framework for all levels of the workforce. Alignment: Ensures that organizational actions reflect shared priorities and principles. Avoids Ad Hoc Behavior: Prevents decisions driven by personal biases or unaligned interests.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Stakeholder buy-in is important but is not the primary reason for explicit statements.
B: While regulations may require formal statements, this is not their core purpose.
C: Training programs are a derivative benefit, not the primary reason.
Reference: OCEG GRC Capability Model: Stresses the importance of clear articulation of mission, vision, and values.
Corporate Governance Frameworks: Highlight their role in aligning workforce actions and decisions.

Question No : 11

What is the process of validating direction within an organization?

A.Conducting a SWOT analysis to identify the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
B.Communicating, negotiating, and finalizing direction with other organizational levels/units.
C.Conducting a comprehensive audit of the organization’s financial records to ensure they are showing movement in the right direction.
D.Implementing a performance management system to evaluate employee performance and alignment to established direction.

정답:
Explanation:
The process of validating direction involves ensuring that organizational goals and strategies are aligned across all levels, achieved through communication, negotiation, and finalization with various units.
Key Steps in Validating Direction:
Communication: Sharing strategic objectives with all levels to build understanding.
Negotiation: Ensuring input from various units for alignment and feasibility.
Finalization: Formalizing the agreed-upon direction to guide actions.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: SWOT analysis identifies strengths and weaknesses but does not validate direction.
C: Audits focus on financial accuracy, not strategic alignment.
D: Performance management evaluates employee alignment but is not the core process for validating direction.
Reference: OCEG GRC Capability Model: Highlights alignment through negotiation and communication.
Balanced Scorecard Framework: Stresses coordination across organizational levels for strategic validation.

Question No : 12

What is the significance of a vision statement in inspiring and motivating employees, stakeholders, and customers?

A.It specifies the organization's views on ethical issues facing it.
B.It describes what the organization aspires to be and why it matters, serving as a guidepost for long-term strategic planning and inspiring and motivating employees, stakeholders, and customers.
C.It details the organization's sales targets and revenue projections to motivate employees to work hard and meet those goals.
D.It outlines the organization's succession planning and leadership development.

정답:
Explanation:
A vision statement plays a critical role in inspiring and motivating employees, stakeholders, and customers by defining the organization’s aspirations and its importance.
Significance of a Vision Statement:
Inspiration: Provides a sense of purpose and ambition, energizing employees and stakeholders.
Strategic Guidance: Serves as a long-term guidepost, aligning all efforts with future aspirations.
Stakeholder Engagement: Encourages buy-in by articulating the organization’s desired impact and value.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Ethical views are part of values, not the primary purpose of a vision statement.
C: Sales targets and projections are operational metrics, not part of a vision statement.
D: Succession planning is a tactical process, not related to the vision statement.
Reference: Corporate Strategy Frameworks: Emphasize the vision statement’s role in motivating and aligning stakeholders.
Balanced Scorecard Methodology: Connects vision to long-term strategic planning.

Question No : 13

What role do mission, vision, and values play in the ALIGN component?

A.They specify the processes as well as the technology and tools used in the alignment process.
B.They determine the allocation of financial resources within the organization.
C.They outline the legal and regulatory requirements that the organization must satisfy and define how they relate to the business objectives.
D.They provide clear direction and decision-making criteria and should be well-defined and consistently communicated throughout the organization.

정답:
Explanation:
In the ALIGN component of the GRC Capability Model, mission, vision, and values serve as the foundational elements that guide organizational direction and decision-making.
Role in ALIGN:
Mission: Defines the organization’s purpose and reason for existence.
Vision: Articulates long-term aspirations and desired future state.
Values: Establish ethical and cultural principles that influence behavior and decision-making.
Significance:
These elements provide clarity and alignment across all levels of the organization. They ensure consistency in decision-making and communication of goals and priorities.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Mission, vision, and values guide decisions but do not dictate specific processes or tools.
B: Financial resource allocation is influenced by strategic priorities but not directly determined by mission, vision, and values.
C: Legal and regulatory requirements are external obligations, not the focus of mission, vision, and values.
Reference: OCEG GRC Capability Model: Describes mission, vision, and values as integral to alignment.
Balanced Scorecard Framework: Emphasizes their role in defining organizational strategy.

Question No : 14

What is the primary purpose of the ALIGN component in the GRC Capability Model?

A.To coordinate the monitoring and evaluation of the organization's governance, risk, and compliance activities.
B.To define the direction and objectives of an organization and design an integrated plan to address opportunities, obstacles, and obligations.
C.To establish communication channels and provide education to stakeholders about how the organization aligns its business operations to their needs.
D.To review and improve the organization’s policies and controls and ensure they are aligned to the operations of the business.

정답:
Explanation:
The ALIGN component in the GRC Capability Model focuses on setting the organization’s strategic direction and objectives while ensuring that governance, risk management, and compliance activities are integrated into a cohesive plan.
Primary Purpose:
Define organizational direction and objectives.
Develop an integrated strategy to address opportunities, obstacles, and obligations.
Significance of ALIGN:
ALIGN ensures that organizational efforts are coherent and support long-term goals. Provides a roadmap to align processes, controls, and initiatives with the mission and vision.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Monitoring and evaluation are part of the RESPOND component.
C: While communication is important, ALIGN focuses on planning and direction, not stakeholder education.
D: Policy review is part of the EVALUATE component, not ALIGN.
Reference: OCEG GRC Capability Model: Details the ALIGN component’s role in strategic planning and integration.
COSO ERM Framework: Highlights the importance of aligning risk and strategy.

Question No : 15

Which "most important stakeholder" judges whether an organization is producing, protecting, or destroying value?

A.Customer
B.Risk Manager
C.Board
D.Ethics Department

정답:
Explanation:
Customers are often considered the "most important stakeholder" because they ultimately
determine the value created by an organization through their purchasing decisions and feedback.
Role of Customers in Value Assessment:
If customers perceive the organization’s offerings as valuable, they provide revenue and support. Negative perceptions can lead to reputational harm and loss of market share.
Why Customers are Key:
Organizations exist to fulfill customer needs, and customer satisfaction directly influences business success.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
B: Risk managers oversee risk, not value perception.
C: The board provides governance but does not directly judge value creation from an external perspective.
D: The ethics department ensures ethical practices but does not directly determine customer-perceived value.
Reference: OCEG GRC Capability Model: Highlights customers as central to value creation.
Customer-Centric Business Models: Emphasize the importance of aligning operations with customer needs.

OCEG GRCP 시험