CGOA 시험 - The Linux Foundation실제시험문제와 답 - 60문항

Question No : 1

You are implementing GitOps in your organization and have configured the Desired State of your applications in a Git repository. However, during the deployment process, you encounter an error in the configuration.
What is the recommended action in this scenario?

A.Continue to monitor the issue and proceed with the deployment, as it may not significantly impact the application.
B.Raise a ticket with the development team to fix the error in the configuration file.
C.Roll back the deployment to the previous working version while investigating the error in the configuration file.
D.Make a call to the Kubernetes API with the correction.

정답:
Explanation:
GitOps emphasizes immutability and auditability. If an error occurs in the configuration stored in Git, the system should be rolled back to the last known good state while the error is fixed. This preserves system reliability and aligns with the GitOps principle of rollback through version control.
“With Git as the source of truth, if an error is introduced, the system can be rolled back by reverting to a previous commit. This ensures stability while the faulty configuration is corrected.”
Thus, the recommended action is C: Roll back to the previous working version.
Reference: GitOps Principles (CNCF GitOps Working Group).

Question No : 2

Which of these Git commands will enact a rollback of the configuration to a previous commit?

A.git branch
B.git revert
C.git commit
D.git push

정답:
Explanation:
In GitOps, rollback is performed by reverting the system’s Desired State stored in Git. This is done with the git revert command, which creates a new commit that undoes the changes introduced by a previous commit.
“Because Git provides an immutable history of changes, rollbacks are straightforward. Reverting to a previous configuration is accomplished by reverting the commit in Git, which then allows the reconciler to apply the earlier desired state.”
Thus, the correct answer is B: git revert.
Reference: GitOps Tooling (CNCF GitOps Working Group).

Question No : 3

Why is the feedback loop important for reconciliation?

A.To determine if a reconciliation is needed and whether a sync should be partial or complete.
B.To analyze state-sync logging information and perform a sync.
C.To trigger an alert if a change is detected, and log the event to the log aggregation service.
D.Feedback loop is not important for reconciliation.

정답:
Explanation:
The feedback loop is critical in GitOps reconciliation. It continuously monitors the system’s actual state and compares it to the desired state. This loop determines when reconciliation is required and whether a full or partial synchronization is necessary.
“The feedback loop in reconciliation continuously observes the actual state. It determines if reconciliation is required, and informs whether to perform a partial or full sync to align with the declared desired state.”
Thus, the correct answer is A.
Reference: GitOps Related Practices (CNCF GitOps Working Group), Reconciliation Feedback Loops.

Question No : 4

In the context of GitOps, what source of truth guides the continuous deployment process?

A.Desired State
B.Dynamic State
C.Fleeting State
D.Current State

정답:
Explanation:
The Desired State, stored in Git, is the ultimate source of truth in GitOps. It defines how the system should look and behave. Continuous deployment processes reconcile the actual cluster state against this Desired State.
“In GitOps, the desired state kept in Git is the single source of truth. The reconciler ensures the actual state matches the desired state, guiding the continuous deployment process.”
Thus, the correct answer is A.
Reference: GitOps Terminology (CNCF GitOps Working Group).

Question No : 5

You are working on a GitOps project and have made some changes to the cluster using kubectl.
What is the recommended approach to ensure that your changes are continuously reconciled?

A.Delete and recreate the cluster from scratch to ensure a clean and controlled state.
B.Save those changes to the Desired State store and allow the GitOps controller to attempt reconciliation.
C.Use kubectl to delete all resources that were changed in the cluster and wait for a reconcile.
D.Reconcile the changes by running a script or command that synchronizes the cluster with the desired state.

정답:
Explanation:
In GitOps, Git is the single source of truth. If changes are made manually in the cluster (via kubectl), those changes will drift from the desired state in Git. To ensure consistency, the correct approach is to update the Git repository (Desired State store) so that the reconciler can continuously apply and maintain those changes.
“The desired state must always be declared in Git. Manual changes in the cluster will be overwritten by reconciliation unless they are committed to the Git repository.”
Thus, the correct answer is B.
Reference: GitOps Principles (CNCF GitOps Working Group), Drift and Reconciliation Practices.

Question No : 6

A GitOps project wants to leverage both ArgoCD and Flux for a deployment. Can ArgoCD and Flux be used in conjunction?

A.ArgoCD and Flux cannot be used together as they have conflicting functionalities.
B.If you modify their source code, ArgoCD and Flux can only be used together.
C.ArgoCD and Flux can be used together, leveraging a drop-in extension for ArgoCD, ensuring that both reconciliation engines do not conflict.
D.ArgoCD and Flux cannot be used together as they are designed for different types of deployments.

정답:
Explanation:
ArgoCD and Flux are the two primary CNCF GitOps tools. While both are reconciliation engines, they can be used together carefully if configured properly to avoid conflicts. For example, Flux can be used to manage configuration sources, while ArgoCD handles application-level delivery. Extensions and integration points allow them to complement each other.
“ArgoCD and Flux implement the GitOps reconciliation principle. Though they provide overlapping functionality, they can be integrated by carefully managing their scope. For instance, Flux can manage sources and Helm charts, while ArgoCD handles higher-level deployments. Extensions exist to allow cooperation without conflict.”
Thus, the correct answer is C.
Reference: GitOps Tooling (CNCF GitOps Working Group).

Question No : 7

In GitOps, what is a pull-based approach?

A.A pull-based approach is when developers manually push changes to the GitOps system, which then applies them automatically.
B.A pull-based approach is when the GitOps system sends notifications to developers to apply changes from the Git repository manually.
C.A pull-based approach is when the Git repository automatically pushes changes to the GitOps system, which then applies them.
D.A pull-based approach is when the GitOps system continuously polls the Git repository for changes and applies them automatically.

정답:
Explanation:
In GitOps, pull-based deployment is fundamental. Instead of pushing changes into a cluster, GitOps agents running inside the cluster continuously pull from Git to reconcile desired state.
“GitOps uses a pull-based model: agents inside the cluster continuously poll the Git repository for desired state changes. If changes are found, they reconcile the live system automatically to match the declared state.”
This ensures secure, automated, and consistent deployments.
Thus, D is correct.
Reference: GitOps Principles (CNCF GitOps Working Group), Pull-based Reconciliation Model.

Question No : 8

A GitOps-managed Software System includes which of the following?

A.Hardware infrastructure used for hosting the software system.
B.One or more runtime environments consisting of resources under management.
C.One or more programming languages used for development.
D.Operating systems used for hosting the software system.

정답:
Explanation:
A GitOps-managed software system is defined as one or more runtime environments whose resources are managed declaratively via GitOps practices.
“A GitOps-managed software system includes one or more runtime environments, such as clusters, where resources are under management. The desired state of these resources is declared in Git and reconciled continuously.”
Thus, the correct option is B.
Reference: GitOps Terminology (CNCF GitOps Working Group).

Question No : 9

In a GitOps framework, what distinct advantage does Configuration as Code (CaC) provide in comparison to traditional infrastructure management approaches?

A.CaC in GitOps exclusively automates the documentation process, whereas traditional approaches focus on manual documentation.
B.GitOps leverages CaC for immutable infrastructure deployments, ensuring consistent environments, unlike traditional methods that allow ad-hoc changes.
C.CaC is less secure and more complex than traditional infrastructure management.
D.In GitOps, CaC enables dynamic resource allocation during runtime, contrasting with the static configurations in traditional methods.

정답:
Explanation:
Configuration as Code (CaC) in GitOps ensures that infrastructure and application definitions are stored in Git, version-controlled, and immutable. Unlike traditional approaches (manual changes, scripts, mutable infrastructure), GitOps uses CaC for immutable infrastructure deployments, guaranteeing reproducibility and environment consistency.
“Configuration as Code ensures that system configuration is stored declaratively in version control. This allows immutable deployments, reproducibility, consistency across environments, and prevents ad-hoc manual changes.”
Thus, the distinct advantage is immutable deployments and consistent environments, making B correct.
Reference: GitOps Related Practices (CNCF GitOps Working Group).

Question No : 10

Which statement describes Blue-Green deployments?

A.Blue-Green deployments involve deploying the new version of an application alongside the old version and switching traffic to the latest version once it is ready.
B.Blue-Green deployments involve deploying the new version of an application to a subset of users and gradually expanding the deployment based on feedback.
C.Blue-Green deployments involve deploying different versions of an application in other regions and routing traffic based on geographic location.
D.Blue-Green deployments involve deploying only one version at a time.

정답:
Explanation:
Blue-Green deployments are a progressive delivery pattern where two environments exist: Blue (current version) and Green (new version). The new version is deployed in parallel, and once validated, traffic is switched over from Blue to Green.
“Blue-Green deployments provide zero-downtime releases by running two production environments: one active and one idle. A new version is deployed to the idle environment, tested, and when ready, traffic is switched to it.”
Thus, the correct description is A.
Reference: GitOps Patterns (CNCF GitOps Working Group), Progressive Delivery patterns.

Question No : 11

Which of the following is part of a declaratively defined system?

A.Both the desired state and the steps to reach the Desired State.
B.Only the steps to reach the Desired State.
C.Only the Desired State.
D.Only the code for reaching the Desired State.

정답:
Explanation:
In GitOps, systems are defined declaratively. This means that the desired state is described in Git, while the steps to achieve it are not explicitly defined. Instead, reconciliation agents interpret the declarative definition and automatically apply changes as needed.
“A declaratively defined system specifies only the desired state. It does not describe the sequence of steps required to reach that state. The reconciliation process ensures the system converges to the declared state automatically.”
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Only the Desired State.
Reference: GitOps Principles (CNCF GitOps Working Group), Principle 1: The system is described declaratively.

Question No : 12

Can you choose one example where Configuration as Code may be utilized to manage an application’s configuration and source code?

A.Using a manual process of editing configuration files and manually syncing the source code of a monolithic application.
B.Using a spreadsheet to manually update and manage the configuration and source code of a mobile application.
C.Using a Helm chart to define and manage the configuration and container image of a web application deployed on Kubernetes.
D.Using a GUI-based configuration tool to visually configure and manage the source code of a microservices architecture.

정답:
Explanation:
Configuration as Code is a GitOps-related practice where configurations are stored as declarative definitions in version control. Helm charts, for example, allow applications deployed on Kubernetes to have both their container images and configuration specified declaratively.
“Configuration as Code enables teams to manage application and infrastructure configuration in version control systems, using declarative approaches such as Kubernetes manifests or Helm charts. This ensures repeatability, automation, and auditability.”
Thus, Helm charts are a prime example of this practice, making C correct.
Reference: GitOps Related Practices (CNCF GitOps Working Group), Configuration as Code.

Question No : 13

In the context of GitOps, which of the following is the primary purpose of Desired State?

A.To serve as a blueprint to recreate a system for behavioral consistency.
B.To store all persistent application data, such as database content.
C.For monitoring real-time application performance.
D.To track code changes that developers have made.

정답:
Explanation:
The Desired State in GitOps is the declarative specification of how the system should behave. It is stored in Git and serves as the reference point for reconciliation against the actual state.
“The desired state is a complete specification of the system stored in Git. It acts as the blueprint from which the actual state is continuously reconciled, ensuring the system remains consistent and reproducible.”
Thus, the primary purpose of Desired State is to act as a blueprint to recreate and ensure consistency of the system.
Reference: GitOps Terminology (CNCF GitOps Working Group).

Question No : 14

How can you achieve the declarative GitOps principle in managing infrastructure and applications?

A.By using imperative scripting languages to automate infrastructure changes.
B.By manually making ad-hoc configuration changes directly in the production environment.
C.By periodically creating manual backups of your infrastructure configurations.
D.By defining and maintaining infrastructure and application configurations declaratively in a version-controlled system.

정답:
Explanation:
The first GitOps principle is Declarative Descriptions. This means the desired system configuration (for infrastructure, services, and applications) is expressed declaratively and stored in version control. Git becomes the single source of truth.
“The desired system state must be expressed declaratively. This provides a clear, machine-readable blueprint for the system, and ensures that what is in Git is what should be running in the environment.”
Therefore, infrastructure and application configurations must be defined declaratively and stored in Git, not managed imperatively or manually.
Reference: GitOps Principles (CNCF GitOps Working Group), Principle 1: The system is described declaratively.

Question No : 15

In GitOps, what does it mean to Continuously Reconcile?

A.Regularly update Git repositories with the latest changes from external sources.
B.Perform regular backups of Git repositories.
C.Automatically compare and adjust the system state as needed.
D.Monitor the system for any unauthorized changes and revert them.

정답:
Explanation:
Continuous reconciliation is another core GitOps principle. It means that software agents (operators or controllers) run loops that continuously observe the live system and compare it against the desired state declared in Git. If any divergence (drift) is found, the agent automatically reconciles the system to match the declared configuration.
“Software agents continuously observe the actual system state and compare it with the desired state declared in Git. If a divergence is detected, the agents automatically reconcile the difference to bring the system back into alignment.”
This provides automation, consistency, and self-healing, which are hallmarks of GitOps.
Reference: GitOps Principles (CNCF GitOps Working Group), Principle 4: Continuously reconciled.

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